Voter Registration Files
Name, address, party affiliation, vote history for every registered voter -- legally public, commercially valuable.
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Find Me This Data →Overview
What Is Voter Registration Files?
Voter registration files are legally public records maintained by state election offices containing the names, addresses, dates of birth, political party affiliations, and voting history of all registered voters. The Help America Vote Act (HAVA) of 2002 requires all states to maintain computerized statewide voter registration databases, and the National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) of 1993 mandates that states make these records available for public inspection. Typical fields include full name, home address, date of birth or birth year, political party affiliation, and a record of which elections a voter participated in, though not their specific votes. Some states also include phone numbers and email addresses. Political data brokers compile these public records into comprehensive national databases by requesting voter files individually from each state's election office, then merging and standardizing them. The market for this data is substantial: in 2020, federal campaigns, super PACs, and special interest groups paid at least 37 different data brokers a combined $23 million for data and services access. By 2024, the broader political advertising market reached nearly $11 billion, with digital platforms accounting for $1.9 billion of that spend.
Market Data
$23 million
Amount Spent on Political Data Brokers (2020 cycle)
Source: CODA Mail - Political Data & Voter Analytics
$11 billion
Total Political Advertising Spend (2024)
Source: CODA Mail - Political Data & Voter Analytics
156% increase
Digital Political Advertising Increase (2020 to 2024)
Source: CODA Mail - Political Data & Voter Analytics
10 states + D.C.
States with Free Voter File Access (as of June 2025)
Source: CODA Mail - Political Data & Voter Analytics
24 states
States Charging $1 to $1,000 for Voter Files
Source: CODA Mail - Political Data & Voter Analytics
Who Uses This Data
What AI models do with it.do with it.
Political Campaigns
Federal and state campaign committees use voter registration data merged with consumer and behavioral profiles to build targeted voter outreach strategies and voter contact lists.
PACs and Advocacy Organizations
Super PACs and special interest groups leverage voter files to identify likely supporters, conduct voter persuasion campaigns, and coordinate independent political advertising efforts.
Election Security and Fraud Detection
Researchers and election officials use voter registration files to detect anomalies, identify duplicate registrations across states, measure file quality, and assess integrity of voter databases.
Digital Advertising Networks
Political advertisers use enriched voter profiles to target digital ads across platforms, representing the fastest-growing segment with 156% growth in spending from 2020 to 2024.
What Can You Earn?
What it's worth.worth.
Free Access States
$0
10 states and D.C. provide voter files for free upon request, including Florida, Indiana, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Vermont.
Low-Cost States
$1 - $1,000
24 states charge within this range for voter file access.
Premium-Cost States
$1,001+
13 states charge above $1,000 for voter file access.
Restricted Access States
Varies
Four states (Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, North Dakota) restrict voter file sales to designated groups such as campaigns, political parties, or researchers.
What Buyers Expect
What makes it valuable.valuable.
Data Completeness and Accuracy
Buyer-facing voter files must include accurate full names, addresses, party affiliation, and voting history. Files are cleaned, deduplicated, and standardized across states to ensure consistency and remove duplicate registrations within and across state databases.
Address and Demographic Validation
Vendors assign standardized geographic identifiers (MAFIDs) and individual matching keys (PIKs) to ensure records link correctly to Census data and other government records. Quality is measured by PIK and MAFID assignment rates at national, state, and county levels.
Deceased Voter Removal
Files must be regularly scrubbed to remove deceased voters, a core element of fitness-for-use testing. Brokers compare registration data against death records and other administrative sources.
Security and Fraud Resistance
Vendors must implement protections against voter identity theft. Data should exclude Social Security numbers, driver's license numbers, and signature information to reduce misuse risk, though some basic identifying information is necessary for matching.
Companies Active Here
Who's buying.buying.
Major non-partisan political data broker that requests and merges voter registration files from all 50 states and D.C. into unified national databases for political campaigns and advocacy organizations.
Leading political data firm that compiles state voter files, enhances them with consumer data and behavioral signals, and supplies voter contact lists and targeting services to campaigns.
Major conservative-aligned data broker that aggregates voter registration files and enriches them with consumer and voter behavior data for Republican campaigns and allied groups.
Government agency that receives and analyzes voter registration files from commercial vendors for fitness-for-use evaluation, quality assessment, and fraud detection research.
FAQ
Common questions.questions.
Where do political data brokers get voter registration files?
Political data brokers request voter registration files individually from each state's election office. The Help America Vote Act (HAVA) of 2002 requires all states to maintain computerized statewide voter registration databases, and the National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) of 1993 requires states to make voter registration records available for public inspection, making these files legally public records in nearly every state.
How much does it cost to obtain a voter registration file from a state?
Costs vary significantly by state. As of June 2025, 10 states and Washington, D.C. provide voter files for free upon request. Twenty-four states charge between $1 and $1,000, while thirteen states charge above $1,000. Four states restrict access to designated groups like campaigns and researchers rather than offering open commercial sales.
What personal information is included in voter registration files?
Typical fields include full name, home address, date of birth or birth year, political party affiliation, and a record of which elections you voted in (though not who you voted for). Some states also include phone numbers and email addresses. Social Security numbers, driver's license numbers, and signature information are generally excluded from commercially distributed voter files.
Why is there such high demand for voter registration data?
In 2020, federal campaigns, super PACs, and special interest groups paid 37 different data brokers at least $23 million combined for political data services. By 2024, total political advertising reached nearly $11 billion, with digital platforms alone accounting for $1.9 billion—a 156% increase from 2020. Campaigns and advocacy groups use voter files merged with consumer data to target messaging and identify likely supporters.
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